It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles. While in high school, mcgregor worked as night clerk at the mcgregor institute, a family affair originally established by his grandfather, but managed by his father and his uncle to provide temporary accommodation for around 100 transient workers at a time. Work is inherently distasteful to most people, and they will attempt to avoid work whenever possible. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y.
In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y in this theory that states that douglas mcgregor wrote a book entitled the human side of enterprise. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Introduction theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book the.
He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles biography douglas mcgregor. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Theory x and theory y which describes the behavior of workers in organisation. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Nov 30, 2016 douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. It is part of the managers job to exercise authority, and there are cases in which this is the only method of achieving the. Theory x people dislike work, have little ambition, and are unwilling to take responsibility. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management when he proposed the two motivational theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward. These theories describe two contrasting models of workforce motivation in human resource. Theory x, theory y, management style, psychological contract.
He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. His theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit. Most people are not ambitious, have little desire for responsibility, and prefer to be directed. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value.
They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s that have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, and organizational development. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Aug 11, 2014 douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y. X and theory y was developed by social psychologist douglas mcgregor. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Mcgregors theory x and y in the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregor s theorizing as theory x y.
Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation, called as theory x and theory y. Leaders know best, and should closely direct actions taken by staff, with little room for independence and responsibility. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Mcgregors theory x and theory y organizational behavior. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. Theory x is a conventional approach to motivation, based on negative assumptions. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. The concept of theory x and theory y was developed by social psychologist douglas mcgregor.
Quotes about douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor coined the two terms theory x and theory y and used them to label two sets of beliefs a manager might hold about the origins of human behaviour. Theory x and theory y, given by mcgregor, are explained below with the main assumptions of each theory. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslows students, influenced the. Thus, delegation of authority, job enlargement, management by objectives and participative management techniques are great motivators for the employee. How are mcgregors theories x and y and ouchis theory z used to explain worker motivation. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in. Read this article to learn about the mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation and its applicability. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. The traditional view of direction and control theory x is based on the assumptions that.
You can learn another 309 team management skills, like this, by joining the. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if they can. Theory y is known as the participative management style, a theory y organisations view of people is the opposite of an organisation applying theory x. Theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas. Mcgregors theory x and y in the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Theory x and theory y team management training from. It is something that makes people act or behave in a particular manner. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and well look at how it applies. Cris bulletin of the centre for research and interdisciplinary study, 20, vol.
Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. A mix of practices which ensure a healthy blend of systems and the freedom to. Douglas mcgregors work builds on the work of other behavioral scientists who showed a link between human behavior, motivation, and productivity. Curious cat management encyclopedia, glossary, dictionary. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Mcgregor also sees theory y as conducive to participative problem solving. Mcgregors theory x and theory y in this theory that states that douglas mcgregor wrote a book entitled the human side of enterprise. These theory x managers use an authoritarian leadership style and get poor results. He referred to these opposing motivational theories as theory x and theory y. Gregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis.
To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management.
Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. However, he found that an organisation driven solely by theory y could not succeed, as some sense of direction and structure was required. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf download oikos. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the. From this experience the greater formulated two sets of assumptions about human nature theory x, which is a pessimistic view of employees and theory y which is a modern and positive set of assumptions about people at work. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregor s x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management.
Organizational communication channel 114,558 views. Motivation mcgregor theory x and theory y duration. Douglas mcgregor expressed his views of human nature in two sets of assumptions. It describes two contrasting sets of assumptions that managers make about their people. Theory y from douglas mcgregors 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregors theorizing as theory xy. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. He proposed, at opposite extremes two pairs of assumptions about human beings which. Prepared for the sloan school 50th anniversary session on october 11 2002.
Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Many years ago a professor named douglas mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people.
X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in the human side of enterprise, yet still today his ideas continue to be misunderstood and misused in the. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Theory x stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while theoryy stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Douglas mcgregor s work builds on the work of other behavioral scientists who showed a link between human behavior, motivation, and productivity.
The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Theory y managers role is to lead a group of people who want to do a good job. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. How is the self fulfilling prophecy related to mcgregors. Motivation implies the act of stimulating or inspiring subordinates to pursue the desired course of action. His theories are theory x and theory y theory x assumes that the average person. Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202.
Douglas mcgregor proposed two theories for employee motivation. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. According to mcgregor, theory x management assumes the following.
Mcgregor himself holds that the assumptions of theory y are more valid than theory x. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Having set the stage by explaining mcgregors theories, the next discussion takes us to the various leadership styles examined in the context of his theory x and theory y theoretical models. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side. In this case managers start with the premise that work is a natural part of human life and people want to work. Based on the premises concerning human behaviour, prof. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, developed his theory x and theory y of human motivation at the mit sloan school of management in the. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions.
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